Walters Ms. W.168, Book of Hours Calendar Office of the Cross Mass of the Virgin Gospel sequences Obsecro te O intermerata Stabat Mater Prayer Seven Last Words of Christ Hours of the Virgin, Use of Rome Long Hours of the Holy Spirit Book of Hours Short Hours of the Cross Seven Penitential Psalms Litany and one collect Office of the Dead Suffrages artist Masters of Zweder van Culemborg artist Style of Willem Vrelant Principal cataloger Marrow, James Cataloger Devine, Alex Cataloger Hedeman, Anne D. Cataloger Herbert, Lynley Cataloger Walters Art Museum curatorial staff and researchers since 1934 Editor Noel, William Copy editor Bockrath, Diane Contributor Bockrath, Diane Contributor Boot, Christine Contributor Dutschke, Consuelo Contributor Emery, Doug Contributor Noel, William Contributor Pizzinato, Riccardo Contributor Tabritha, Ariel Contributor Toth, Michael B. Contributor Valle, Chiara Conservator Owen, Linda Conservator Quandt, Abigail The Walters Art Museum

Licensed for use under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Access Rights, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/legalcode. It is requested that copies of any published articles based on the information in this data set be sent to the curator of manuscripts, The Walters Art Museum, 600 North Charles Street, Baltimore MD 21201.

 This fine illuminated Book of Hours was produced in two stages in the second and third quarters of the fifteenth century. The manuscript contains eleven full-page miniatures and twenty historiated initials. The first stage of production includes a section attributed to the Masters of Zweder van Culemborg and the calendar (fols. 3r-14v, 52v-211v), while additional prayers illustrated in the style of the workshop of Willem Vrelant were added later in the fifteenth century (fols. 16r-50v, 213r-223r), presumably when the book was bound in its present binding. The Hours of the Virgin is for the Use of Rome. The Use of the Office of the Dead is unidentified, but the calendar is for the Use of Utrecht. The two separate parts of the manuscript were bound together in Flanders. The sections of W.168 attributed to the Masters of Zweder van Culemborg have been compared to Utrecht, Utrecht University Ms. 1037; Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Museum James Ms. 141; the second hand in New York, Pierpont Morgan Library Ms. M.87; Stockholm, Royal Library A 226, and Philadelphia, Free Library Lewis Ms. 88. Baltimore The Walters Art Museum W.168 The primary language in this manuscript is Latin. 1r - 223r Book of Hours artist artist 3r - 14v Calendar Januarius Full calendar, Use of Utrecht, graded (black and red); saints include George (January 11), Benigne (June 28), Frederick (July 18), and Philibert (August 20) artist 16r - 22v Office of the Cross Incipit officium sancte crucis Domine labia mea aperies artist 23r - 29r Mass of the Virgin Incipit missa beate Marie Virginis Introibo ad altare Dei artist 29r - 34r Gospel sequences Initium sancti Euuangelii secundum Johannem Gloria tibi domine In principio erat verbum artist 34v - 38v Obsecro te Oratio deuota de beata Virgine Obsecro te domina sancta Maria Mater Dei artist 38v - 41v O intermerata Alia oratio de beata Virgo O intermerata et in eternum benedicta artist 41v - 43r Stabat Mater Oratio de beata Virgine Stabat Mater dolorosa artist 43v - 48v Prayer Oratio deuotissima ad dominum nostrum Ihesum Xpristum O dulcissime domine Ihesu Xpriste uere Dei Filius artist 48v - 50v Seven Last Words of Christ Oratio septem verborum Ihesu Xpristi Domine Ihesu Xpriste qui septem verba artist 52v - 107r Hours of the Virgin, Use of Rome Domine labia mea aperies artist 108v - 127v Long Hours of the Holy Spirit Domine labia mea aperies artist 128v - 147r Short Hours of the Cross Domine Ihesu Xpriste qui nocturno tempore artist 148v - 161v Seven Penitential Psalms Domine ne in furore tuo artist 161v - 165v Litany and one collect Letania Kyrie eleison Collect on fol. 165v: Protege domine famulos tuos subsidiis artist 166v - 211v Office of the Dead Incipiunt vigilie mortuorum Placebo domino Use unidentified artist 213r - 223r Suffrages Memoria de Sancto Johanne Baptista Suffrages to SS. John the Baptist, James the Great, Christopher, Sebastian, Adrian, George, Ghislain, Catherine, Barbara, Apollonia, Margaret, and Anne artist

Medium-weight, light-cream-colored parchment, well surfaced on both sides; miniatures on heavier parchment

 Foliation: 223+ii16.0 11.4 8.6 5.6 Modern pencil foliation in upper right corners

1(8), 2-6(8), 7(4), 8(10,-10), 9(8), 10(10,-2), 11(12,-3,8), 12(12,-5,10), 13(12,-8,12) 14(10,-10), 15(8), 16(10,-7), 17(8), 18(6), 19(10,-10), 20(8), 21(10,-9), 22-25(8), 26(8-8), 27(12,-1), ii None None Quires begin on pastedown (1) and fols. 8(2) 16(3), 24(4), 32(5), 40(6), 48(7), 52(8), 61(9), 69(10), 78(11), 88(12), 98(13), 108(14), 117(15), 125(16), 134(17), 142(18), 148(19), 157(20), 165(21), 174(22), 182(23), 190(24), 198(25), 206(26), 213(27)

 Brown and red ruled lines Written in Gothic bookhand by two scribes in separate campaigns, the first responsible for fols. 1r-14v and 52r-212v, the second for fols. 16r-51v and 213r-223r Historiated initial "D," fol. 16r Historiated initial "I," fol. 23r Historiated initial "O," fol. 34v Full-page miniatures on fols. 52v, 76v, 81v, 85v, 90v, 94v, and 102v; historiated initial "D," fol. 53r Full-page miniature on fol. 108v; historiated initial "D," fol. 109r Eleven full-page miniatures edged in gold and white-streaked blue/rose; Zweder Master sections feature five historiated initials (1 to 9 lines high); Vrelant Master sections feature fifteen historiated initials (8 lines high), as well as ornamental initials (1 to 4 lines high); borders decorated as in Zweder Master sections; floral sprays often found in margins; rubrics in red; text in black ink Full-page miniature on fol. 128v; historiated initial "D," fol. 129r Full-page miniature on fol. 148v; historiated initial "D," fol. 149r Full-page miniature on fol. 166v; historiated initial "D," fol. 167r Historiated initials on fols. 213r, 213v, 214v, 215v, 216v, 217v, 218v, 221r, 222r, and 222v Crucifixion Hours of the Cross: matins Historiated initial "D," 8 lines This historiated initial is illuminated in the style of Willem Vrelant. Madonna and Child enthroned Mass of the Virgin: matins Historiated initial "I," 8 lines This historiated initial is illuminated in the style of Willem Vrelant. Lamentation Obsecro te Historiated initial "O," 8 lines This historiated initial is illuminated in the style of Willem Vrelant. Betrayal Hours of the Virgin: matins Full-page miniature This miniature is illuminated by the Masters of Zweder van Culemborg. Madonna and Child in half-length, "clothed in the sun" Hours of the Virgin: matins Historiated initial "D," 9 lines This historiated initial is illuminated by the Masters of Zweder van Culemborg. Christ before Pilate Hours of the Virgin: prime Full-page miniature This miniature is illuminated by the Masters of Zweder van Culemborg. Flagellation Hours of the Virgin: terce Full-page miniature This miniature is illuminated by the Masters of Zweder van Culemborg. Christ carrying the Cross Hours of the Virgin: sext Full-page miniature This miniature is illuminated by the Masters of Zweder van Culemborg. Crucifixion Hours of the Virgin: none Full-page miniature This miniature is illuminated by the Masters of Zweder van Culemborg. Deposition Hours of the Virgin: vespers (disassociated from the incipit, which starts on fol. 93v) Full-page miniature This miniature is illuminated by the Masters of Zweder van Culemborg. Entombment Hours of the Virgin: compline (disassociated from the incipit, which starts on fol. 101v) Full-page miniature This miniature is illuminated by the Masters of Zweder van Culemborg. Trinity Hours of the Holy Spirit: matins Full-page miniature This miniature is illuminated by the Masters of Zweder van Culemborg. Pentecost Hours of the Holy Spirit: matins Historiated initial "D," 9 lines This historiated initial is illuminated by the Masters of Zweder van Culemborg. Man of Sorrows, surrounded by the Arma Christi Hours of the Cross: matins Full-page miniature This miniature is illuminated by the Masters of Zweder van Culemborg. Nativity Hours of the Cross: matins Historiated initial "D," 9 lines This historiated initial is illuminated by the Masters of Zweder van Culemborg. Last Judgement Seven Penitential Psalms: First Penitential Psalm Full-page miniature This miniature is illuminated by the Masters of Zweder van Culemborg. Christ holding a globe and blessing Seven Penitential Psalms: First Penitential Psalm Historiated initial "D," 9 lines This historiated initial is illuminated by the Masters of Zweder van Culemborg. Funeral Mass Office of the Dead: vespers Full-page miniature This miniature is illuminated by the Masters of Zweder van Culemborg. Three female souls in purgatory Office of the Dead: vespers Historiated initial "D," 8 lines This historiated initial is illuminated by the Masters of Zweder van Culemborg. St. John the Baptist Suffrage Historiated initial "I," 8 lines This historiated initial is illuminated in the style of Willem Vrelant. St. James Major Suffrage Historiated initial "O," 8 lines This historiated initial is illuminated in the style of Willem Vrelant. St. Christopher Suffrage Historiated initial "A," 8 lines This historiated initial is illuminated in the style of Willem Vrelant. St. Sebastian Suffrage Historiated initial "O," 8 lines This historiated initial is illuminated in the style of Willem Vrelant. St. Adrian Suffrage Historiated initial "A," 8 lines This historiated initial is illuminated in the style of Willem Vrelant. St. George Suffrage Historiated initial "G," 8 lines This historiated initial is illuminated in the style of Willem Vrelant. St. Ghislain Suffrage Historiated initial "S," 8 lines This historiated initial is illuminated in the style of Willem Vrelant. St. Catherine Suffrage Historiated initial "I," 8 lines This historiated initial is illuminated in the style of Willem Vrelant. St. Barbara Suffrage Historiated initial "A," 8 lines This historiated initial is illuminated in the style of Willem Vrelant. St. Apollonia Suffrage Historiated initial "V," 8 lines This historiated initial is illuminated in the style of Willem Vrelant. St. Margaret Suffrage Historiated initial "A," 8 lines This historiated initial is illuminated in the style of Willem Vrelant. St. Anne teaching the Virgin to read Suffrage Historiated initial "C," 8 lines This historiated initial is illuminated in the style of Willem Vrelant.

Bound in fifteenth-century Flanders (Bruges); black calfskin covering beech boards; blind panel-stamping laid out in two panels on both boards, each panel displaying two vine-scrolls in mirror image of each other containing a bird, a rabbit couchant, a cock, a deer couchant, and a pelican in piety; both panels surrounded by the inscription "Ora pro nobis sancta / Dei genitrix ut / digni efficamur promis / sione Xpristi"; between panels a smaller compartment composed of three stamps displaying a wivern couchant, St. Margaret emerging from the dragon, and a gryphon rampant; all edges gilt; indications of a central fastening, now a pair of late Gothic brass catch-and-strap clasps hinging from lower board

 Second quarter of the 15th century (ca. 1430-35), with additions ca. 1460 Utrecht, with additions probably in Bruges Created in two phases, with the original part made ca. 1430-35 and the second part made in the late fifteenth century; calendar for Utrecht suggests original site of production Libraire Morgand no. 26084, nineteenth century Walters Art Museum, 1931, by Henry Walters bequest Relevant Works De Ricci, Seymour. Census of Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts in the United States and Canada. Vol. 1. New York: H. W. Wilson Company, 1935, p. 794, no. 235. Byvanck, A. W. "Kroniek der Noord-Nederlandsche Miniaturen, III." Oudheidkundig Jaarboek, 4th series, 10 (1940): 36, figs. 12-14 (fols. 108v, 52v, and 53r). Byvanck, A. W. De Middeleeuwsche Boekillustratie in de Noordelijke Nederlanden. Antwerp: De Sikkel, 1943, pp. 29-31, figs. 21, 22 (fols. 52v, 53r). Wadsworth Athenaeum Museum of Art. Life of Christ Exhibition Catalog March-April, 1948. Hartford, CT: Wadsworth Athenaeum, 1948, p. 3, no. 182. Walters Art Gallery. Illuminated Books of the Middle Ages and Renaissance: An Exhibition Held at the Baltimore Museum of Art. Baltimore: Trustees of the Walters Art Gallery, 1949, no. 121, pl. L (fol. 108v). Panofsky, Erwin. Early Netherlandish Painting, its Origins and Character. Vol. 1. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1953, p. 102, n. 4; p. 103, n. 4. Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Medieval and Renaissance Illuminated Manuscripts Loan Exhibition November 25, 1953-January 9, 1954. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1954, no. 73 (fol. 76v). Miner, Dorothy. "Dutch Illuminated Manuscripts in the Walters Art Gallery." Connoisseur Yearbook (1955): 74-5, fig. x (fol. 76v). Diringer, David. The Illuminated Book. London, 1958, p. 443, pl. VII-31. Rijksmuseum. Middeleeuwse Kunst der Noordelijke Nederlanden. Amsterdam: Rijksmuseum, 1958, no. 156, fig. 81. Oberlin College. Spring Bulletin 1960, p. 104, no. 22; p. 107 (fol. 76v). Hoogewerff, G. J. Gelderse miniatuurschildes in de eerste helft van de XVde eeuw. Oud Holland 76 (1961): 47, figs. 37, 38 (fols. 52v, 53r). Kessler, Herbert L. A Book of Hours from the Atelier of Willem Vrelant. Scriptorium 18 (1964): 98, pl. 16a (fol. 215v). Delaisse, L. M. J. A Century of Dutch Manuscript Illumination. California Studies in the History of Art 6. Berkley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1968, pp. 26, 46, n. 84, figs. 36, 37 (fols. 52v, 76v). Wieck, Roger S. Time Sanctified: The Book of Hours in Medieval Art and Life. New York: George Braziller, 1988, pp. 127, 220-221, fig. 113 (fols. 166v-167r). Marrow, James H., Henri L. M. Defoer, Anne S. Korteweg, and Wilhelmina C. M. Wüstefeld. The Golden Age of Dutch Manuscript Painting. New York: George Braziller, 1990, pp. 115-116, no. 37. Fisher, Carol, and Kathleen L. Scott, eds. Art into Life: Collected Papers from the Kresge Art Museum Medieval Symposia. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 1995, pp. 168-169 (fols. 166v, 167r). Binski, Paul. Medieval Death: Ritual and Representation. London: British Museum Press, 1996, pl. 3 (fols. 166v-167r). Ketelsen, Thomas, and Uta Neidhardt. Das Geheimnis des Jan van Eyck. Berlin: Deutscher Kunstverlag, 2005, p. 92, Abb. 2 (fol. 52v). Gottler, Christine. Last Things: Art and Religious Imagination in the Age of Reform. Proteus 2. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2010. 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