Walters Ms. W.307, "Trésor de sapience" (Creation to 138 CE) Table of contents "Trésor de sapience" artist Vrelant, Willem, -1481 Willem Vrelant associates Willem Vrelant artist Liédet, Loyset, approximately 1420-1479 Loyset Liédet associates Loyset Liédet Principal cataloger Randall, Lilian M.C. Cataloger Herbert, Lynley Cataloger Herbold, Rebekah Editor Herbert, Lynley Copy editor Dibble, Charles Contributor Emery, Doug Contributor Herbold, Rebekah Contributor Noel, William Contributor Ransom, Allison Contributor Tabritha, Ariel Contributor Toth, Michael B. Contributor Wiegand, Kimber Conservator Owen, Linda Conservator Quandt, Abigail The Walters Art Museum

Licensed for use under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Access Rights, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode. It is requested that copies of any published articles based on the information in this data set be sent to the curator of manuscripts, The Walters Art Museum, 600 North Charles Street, Baltimore MD 21201.

 This richly decorated manuscript chronicles an account from the creation of the world up to 138 CE. It was illuminated by associates of Loyset Liédet and Willem Vrelant, and was completed, likely in Bruges, ca. 1470-80. The book itself is a fine example of secular books that were in demand by aristocratic patrons in the southern Netherlands during the third quarter of the fifteenth century. Along with an expansive decoration program, this world history also features key heraldic evidence. The most current armorial shield that was painted among an abraded surrounding area is that of Adolph of Burgundy, seigneur of Bevres, Vere, and Flissinghe. He was a member of the Order of the Golden Fleece as of 1516, following his father Philip of Burgundy, and his grandfather Anthony of Burgundy ("Grand Bâtard de Bourgogne," illegitimate son of Philip the Good). The decoration and its organization throughout the text embodies principles of hierarchical design and artistic collaboration typical of expansive pictorial programs in this type of secular text. Of particular note are the six large miniatures, one before major text divisions of the chronicle and each spanning across two columns of text. These illustrations are quite imaginative and varied stylistically. There is a visual emphasis on the Trinity as evinced by the frontispiece, which features a Creation cycle in six medallions. Along with the six large illustrations, six major text divisions, and six medallion Creation cycle, this manuscript recalls Augustinian tenets on Trinitarianism linked with the Six Days of Creation, the Six Ages of Man, and the Six Ages of the World. Baltimore The Walters Art Museum W.307 The primary language in this manuscript is French, Middle (ca.1400-1600). 1r - 361v "Trésor de sapience" Qui le tresor de sapience veult mettre en laumaire Historical account from Creation through 138 CE, often with mixture of Biblical and secular themes; fols. 1r-v: Author's prologue; fols. 1v-25v: Creation to Aod's slaying of King Eglon (Gen. 1-Judges 3.14-28) in seventy-one text divisions; fols. 25v-39r: History of Thebes; fols. 39r-59r: History of Troy; fol. 59r-v: The birth of Obed (Ruth 4); fols. 59v-87r: History of Britain with seventy-five text divisions, starting with the invasion of Brutus; fols. 67v-86v: Third Age of the World; fols. 86v-87r: Overview of Italian kings since Aeneas; fols. 87r-132r: History of Rome with 106 headings, from Romulus and Remus and founding of Rome in 753 BCE, to defeat of Gauls by Marcus Valerius in 349 BCE; fols. 132r-174v: Alexander the Great and preceding rulers, with continued history of Rome through the victories of Agathocles over the Carthaginians (310-307 BCE); fols. 175r-254v: History of Rome, including war between Romans and Tarentines in 282 BCE; fols. 254v-318v Julius Caesar's career from 58 BCE through his assassination in 44 BCE; fols. 318v-348v: Biblical themes, and Roman Emperors through Hadrian (d. 138 CE) artist artist 349r - 361v Table of contents Cy commence la table des rubrics dun chascun chappitre de ce present volume qui traite de tous les royaumes et des roys qui ont regne depuis la creation du monde iusques a la destruction de Iherusalem. Premierement le prologue de lacteur

Medium to heavy-weight parchment, well selected and prepared; front flyleaf i is antique laid paper with marbled paper on on one side, conjoint with matching pastedown; back flyleaf i is antique laid paper, with watermark of grape cluster and words "SL[?] MOVLT[?]"; back flyleaf ii same as front flyleaf

 Foliation: i+361+ii43.7 31.4 28.3 19.7 Original foliation in red Roman numerals, upper right corners, rectos; missing folio resulted in these numbers being imperfect, therefore modern pencil foliation added (used here)

Quires 1-41: 8 (fols. 1-328); Quire 42: 8, with fourth folio missing (fols. 329-335); Quire 43: 8 (fols. 336-343); Quire 44: 6, with sixth folio canceled (fols. 344-348); Quire 45: 8 (fols. 349-356); Quire 46: 6, with sixth folio canceled (fols. 357-361)

Ruled in rose or purple Written in Burgundian littera batarda; several hands apparent; distinct change of hand at fol. 192r; Table of Contents, fols. 349r-361r, by different scribe from rest (likely not originally part of volume) Ninety-eight illustrations total: six miniatures spanning two text columns; thirty-six miniatures spanning one text column; fifty-six historiated initials (5-7 lines); marginalia at six major text openings; decorated illuminated initials at major text openings (2-4 lines), at secondary text divisions (2 lines); periodic illuminated margins; line fillers found on fols. 1r-80v only; rubrics in red; text in brown ink; see Randall's Flemish catalog, pp. 368-370, for her extensive analysis of artistic influences and related manuscripts Trinity enthroned, Six Days of Creation (First Age of the World) Trésor de sapience: Author's prologue Two-column miniature, 25 lines + 2cm arch Historiated initial "O" with Thare, his son Abraham, daughter-in-law Sarah, and grandson Lot en route from Ur to the land of Canaan Trésor de sapience: Creation to Aod's slaying of King Eglon Historiated initial "O," 5 lines Historiated initial "A" with God promises Abraham progeny Trésor de sapience: Creation to Aod's slaying of King Eglon Historiated initial "A," 6 lines Historiated initial "A" with Sacrifice of Isaac averted by angel Trésor de sapience: Creation to Aod's slaying of King Eglon Historiated initial "A," 5 lines Historiated initial "E" with Infant Moses afloat in basket grasped by Pharaoh's daughter kneeling on bank of Nile Trésor de sapience: Creation to Aod's slaying of King Eglon Historiated initial "E," 6 lines Historiated initial "U" with God-head in burning bush before Moses Trésor de sapience: Creation to Aod's slaying of King Eglon Historiated initial "U," 6 lines God hands Ten Commandments to horned Moses kneeling on Mount Sinai Trésor de sapience: Creation to Aod's slaying of King Eglon One-column miniature, 10 lines Historiated initial "Q" with Horned Moses gives red book of the Law to five Israelites Trésor de sapience: Creation to Aod's slaying of King Eglon Historiated initial "Q," 6 lines Left: Historiated initial "E" with Idolatry practiced by three Israelites worshiping nude female and male idols atop two columns; right: Historiated initial "A" with Aod kills King Eglon of Moab, freeing Israelites from bondage Left and right: Trésor de sapience: Creation to Aod's slaying of King Eglon Historiated initial "E," 5 lines; right: historiated initial "A," 5 lines Episodes in the life of Oedipus Trésor de sapience: History of Thebes and Troy, from youth of Oedipus through interpolated biblical themes to birth of Obed Two-column miniature, 22 lines + 2.1cm arch Historiated initial "L" with Joust in Courtyard between knights Tydeus and Polynices, suitors of daughters Deipyle and Argeia of King Adrastus of Argos Trésor de sapience: History of Thebes and Troy, from youth of Oedipus through interpolated biblical themes to birth of Obed Historiated initial "L," 6 lines Historiated initial "N" with Forces of King Adrastus enter Thebes Trésor de sapience: History of Thebes and Troy, from youth of Oedipus through interpolated biblical themes to birth of Obed Historiated initial "N," 6 lines Liber pater on peninsula flanked by men, behind them the construction of city Nysa Trésor de sapience: History of Thebes and Troy, from youth of Oedipus through interpolated biblical themes to birth of Obed One-column miniature, 10 lines Historiated initial "Q" with Jahel, wife of Haber, hammers nails into head of Sisara, leader of oppressing Canaanites Trésor de sapience: History of Thebes and Troy, from youth of Oedipus through interpolated biblical themes to birth of Obed Historiated initial "Q," 6 lines Ninth Labor of Hercules, entailing conquest of belt of Amazon queen Hippolyta Trésor de sapience: History of Thebes and Troy, from youth of Oedipus through interpolated biblical themes to birth of Obed One-column miniature, 10 lines Historiated initial "A" with Abimelech mortally wounded by “piece of a millstone” cast by woman from battlements of Thebes at right, killed at his request by armor bearer with sword to avoid posthumous indignity of having been slain by a woman Trésor de sapience: History of Thebes and Troy, from youth of Oedipus through interpolated biblical themes to birth of Obed Historiated initial "A," 6 lines Prelude to first capture of Troy Trésor de sapience: History of Thebes and Troy, from youth of Oedipus through interpolated biblical themes to birth of Obed One-column miniature, 11 lines Greeks land at Troy, Hector slays crowned Patroclus in Achilles’ armor Trésor de sapience: History of Thebes and Troy, from youth of Oedipus through interpolated biblical themes to birth of Obed One-column miniature, 11 lines Historiated initial "Q" with Achilles slays Hector in calvary combat, mêlée behind, Troy beyond Trésor de sapience: History of Thebes and Troy, from youth of Oedipus through interpolated biblical themes to birth of Obed Historiated initial "Q," 6 lines Historiated initial "L" with Troilus astride horse slain by Achilles, mêlée and tents behind, Troy beyond Trésor de sapience: History of Thebes and Troy, from youth of Oedipus through interpolated biblical themes to birth of Obed Historiated initial "L," 6 lines Sack of Troy by the Greeks facilitated by treachery of Trojan princes Antenor and Aeneas Trésor de sapience: History of Thebes and Troy, from youth of Oedipus through interpolated biblical themes to birth of Obed One-column miniature, 11 lines Aeneas sails from Carthage; Dido commits suicide in her chamber by falling on sword, observed by dog in courtyard Trésor de sapience: History of Thebes and Troy, from youth of Oedipus through interpolated biblical themes to birth of Obed One-column miniature, 13 lines Battle between Aeneas and Turnus, king of the Rutulians; death of Pallas, son of King Evander of the Arcadians Trésor de sapience: History of Thebes and Troy, from youth of Oedipus through interpolated biblical themes to birth of Obed One-column miniature, 12 lines Historiated initial "I" with Samson rending lion Trésor de sapience: History of Thebes and Troy, from youth of Oedipus through interpolated biblical themes to birth of Obed Historiated initial "I," 7 lines Invasion of Britain Trésor de sapience: History of Britain, from invasion of Brutus though secular and biblical episodes to Third Age of the World, closing with review of kings of Italy since Aeneas Two-column miniature, 23 lines + 1.8cm arch Historiated initial "A" with Combat of David and Goliath Trésor de sapience: History of Britain, from invasion by Brutus through secular and biblical episodes to Third Age of the World, closing with review of kings of Italy since Aeneas Historiated initial "A," 6 lines King David receives messenger presenting diadem and scepter of deceased Saul on bended knee Trésor de sapience: History of Britain, from invasion by Brutus through secular and biblical episodes to Third Age of the World, closing with review of kings of Italy since Aeneas One-column miniature, 11 lines Historiated initial "Q" with Joab plunges spear into Absalom, latter suspended by hair from oak tree Trésor de sapience: History of Britain, from invasion by Brutus through secular and biblical episodes to Third Age of the World, closing with review of kings of Italy since Aeneas Historiated initial "Q," 7 lines Queen of Sheba kneels before enthroned Solomon Trésor de sapience: History of Britain, from invasion by Brutus through secular and biblical episodes to Third Age of the World, closing with review of kings of Italy since Aeneas One-column miniature, 11 lines Birth of twins Romulus and Remus Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, from birth of Romulus and Remus and foundation of Rome to victory of Marcus Valerius over the Gauls Two-column miniature, 18 lines Solomon's idolatry in old age, prelude to establishment of ten tribes of Israel Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, from birth of Romulus and Remus and foundation of Rome to victory of Marcus Valerius over the Gauls One-column miniature, 11 lines Blinded Tobias lying on riverbank, sparrow above; angel Raphael with kneeling Tobit, son of Tobias Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, from birth of Romulus and Remus and foundation of Rome to victory of Marcus Valerius over the Gauls One-column miniature, 11 lines Historiated initial "E" with King Nebuchadnezzar's dream vision of an idol Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, from birth of Romulus and Remus and foundation of Rome to victory of Marcus Valerius over the Gauls Historiated initial "E," 6 lines Historiated initial "E" with Nimbed Daniel surrounded by five lions in "den" shaped like hexagonal font Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, from birth of Romulus and Remus and foundation of Rome to victory of Marcus Valerius over the Gauls Historiated initial "E," 6 lines King Balthazar and queen mother Nitocris feasting; Daniel addressing king Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, from birth of Romulus and Remus and foundation of Rome to victory of Marcus Valerius over the Gauls One-column miniature, 11 lines Historiated initial "Q" with Vengeance of Queen Tomyris: beheading of King Cyrus the Elder after his defeat Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, from birth of Romulus and Remus and foundation of Rome to victory of Marcus Valerius over the Gauls Historiated initial "Q," 7 lines Judith with sword in hand, prepares to put severed head of Holofernes into sack held by kneeling maidservant Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, from birth of Romulus and Remus and foundation of Rome to victory of Marcus Valerius over the Gauls One-column miniature, 11 lines Miracle after siege of Rome by Etruscan chieftain Porsenna of Clusium and Tarquinius Superbus, last king of Rome: Gaius Mucius Scaevola, Roman would-be assassin of Tarquinius, puts hand in fire to prove imperviousness to pain Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, from birth of Romulus and Remus and foundation of Rome to victory of Marcus Valerius over the Gauls One-column miniature, 11 lines Queen Ester, consort of Ahasuerus (Artaxerxes), kneels before him to plead the cause of the Jews Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, from birth of Romulus and Remus and foundation of Rome to victory of Marcus Valerius over the Gauls One-column miniature, 13 lines Historiated initial "E" with Ahasuerus before blindfolded corpse of Haman on gallows erected for Ester's uncle Mardochai Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, from birth of Romulus and Remus and foundation of Rome to victory of Marcus Valerius over the Gauls Historiated initial "E," 6 lines Historiated initial "B" with Marriage of Gallic king Brennus to daughter of Burgundian king Seguin Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, from birth of Romulus and Remus and foundation of Rome to victory of Marcus Valerius over the Gauls Historiated initial "B," 6 lines Conquest of Rome by Gallic king Brennus and his brother Belinus Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, from birth of Romulus and Remus and foundation of Rome to victory of Marcus Valerius over the Gauls One-column miniature, 11 lines Victory over Brennus by Camillus, recapture of Rome Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, from birth of Romulus and Remus and foundation of Rome to victory of Marcus Valerius over the Gauls One-column miniature, 12 lines Historiated initial "E" with Diogenes in his study Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, from birth of Romulus and Remus and foundation of Rome to victory of Marcus Valerius over the Gauls Historiated initial "E," 6 lines Historiated initial "O" with Manius Curtius rides across ground opening beneath him, his sacrifice intended to save Rome following injunction of oracle Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, from birth of Romulus and Remus and foundation of Rome to victory of Marcus Valerius over the Gauls Historiated initial "O," 6 lines Historiated initial "L" with Roman leader Gaius Marcus clashes with Tusculans; combat of Roman leader Marcus Valerius Corvus in Gaul Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, from birth of Romulus and Remus and foundation of Rome to victory of Marcus Valerius over the Gauls Historiated initial "L," 5 lines Birth of Alexander the Great Trésor de sapience: Alexander the Great and preceding rulers, history of Rome resumed to victories of Agathocles over Carthaginians Two-column miniature, 23 lines + 1.9cm arch Historiated initial "A" with Aristotle instructing Alexander Trésor de sapience: Alexander the Great and preceding rulers, history of Rome resumed to victories of Agathocles over Carthaginians Historiated initial "A," 6 lines Siege of Constantinople by Philip II of Macedon and his heir Alexander Trésor de sapience: Alexander the Great and preceding rulers, history of Rome resumed to victories of Agathocles over Carthaginians One-column miniature, 12 lines Historiated initial "U" with Magician pushed off hill on his death by Alexander after revealing paternity Trésor de sapience: Alexander the Great and preceding rulers, history of Rome resumed to victories of Agathocles over Carthaginians Historiated initial "U," 6 lines Historiated initial "A" with Alexander III, crowned and with scepter, receives two messengers bringing gifts from Darius III of Persia Trésor de sapience: Alexander the Great and preceding rulers, history of Rome resumed to victories of Agathocles over Carthaginians Historiated initial "A," 6 lines Historiated initial "E" with Alexander the Great before high priest Trésor de sapience: Alexander the Great and preceding rulers, history of Rome resumed to victories of Agathocles over Carthaginians Historiated initial "E," 5 lines Historiated initial "A" with Ten Tribes of Israel enclosed between two mountains due to Alexander the Great's prayer to God Trésor de sapience: Alexander the Great and preceding rulers, history of Rome resumed to victories of Agathocles over Carthaginians Historiated initial "A," 6 lines Historiated initial "C" with Alexander the Great learns of his imminent death by poison from the trees of the sun and the moon in India Trésor de sapience: Alexander the Great and preceding rulers, history of Rome resumed to victories of Agathocles over Carthaginians Historiated initial "C," 7 lines Death of Alexander the Great Trésor de sapience: Alexander the Great and preceding rulers, history of Rome resumed to victories of Agathocles over Carthaginians One-column miniature, 11 lines Historiated initial "O" with The Second Samnite War: defeat of the Romans by the Samnites at Caudine Forks Trésor de sapience: Alexander the Great and preceding rulers, history of Rome resumed to victories of Agathocles over Carthaginians Historiated initial "O," 6 lines Combat of Romans and Tarentines in southern Italy Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans in 282 BCE, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE, interpolated biblical themes, Roman emperors through Hadrian Two-column miniature, 21 lines + 1.7mm arch Victory over Romans at Heraclea, Tarentine ally king Pyrrhus of Epines brings 25,000 men and 20 elephants Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans in 282 BCE, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE, interpolated biblical themes, Roman emperors through Hadrian One-column miniature, 11 lines Historiated initial "Q" with First Punic War, Romans repel Carthaginians off cape Ecnomus, fain foothold on African soil at Clypea Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans in 282 BCE, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE, interpolated biblical themes, Roman emperors through Hadrian Historiated initial "Q," 6 lines Historiated initial "P" with Romans fend off attack by Carthaginians on Panormus, capture elephants Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans in 282 BCE, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE, interpolated biblical themes, Roman emperors through Hadrian Historiated initial "P," 6 lines Hannibal oversees shipment of gold seized after Carthaginian victory over Romans at Cannae in Apulia Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans in 282 BCE, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE, interpolated biblical themes, Roman emperors through Hadrian One-column miniature, 10 lines Historiated initial "U" with Scipio Africanus wars against Hannibal, captures Cathago Nova Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE Historiated initial "U," 6 lines Historiated initial "L" with Roman victory over King Antiochus III of Syria Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE Historiated initial "L," 6 lines Historiated initial "A" with King Antiochus III of Syria slain by two armed priests in temple Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE Historiated initial "A," 6 lines Historiated initial "Q" with Suicide of Hannibal Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE Historiated initial "Q," 6 lines Destruction of Carthage at command of Scipio Africanus Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans in 282 BCE, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE, interpolated biblical themes, Roman emperors through Hadrian One-column miniature, 9 lines Historiated initial "U" with High priest Mattathias kills Jew who sacrificed to idols in presence of King Antiochus the Younger Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans in 282 BCE, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE, interpolated biblical themes, Roman emperors through Hadrian Historiated initial "U," 6 lines Historiated initial "L" with Forces of King Antiochus the Younger pursue army of Judas Maccabaeus Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans in 282 BCE, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE, interpolated biblical themes, Roman emperors through Hadrian Historiated initial "L," 6 lines Judas Maccabaeus prepares to send messenger to Rome to propose alliance against Syrians Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans in 282 BCE, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE, interpolated biblical themes, Roman emperors through Hadrian One-column miniature, 11 lines Jonathan, brother of Judas Maccabaeus, stabbed by Syrian traitor Tryphon Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans in 282 BCE, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE, interpolated biblical themes, Roman emperors through Hadrian One-column miniature, 10 lines Historiated initial "P" with Murder of high priest Simon and son while feasting, betrayed by son-in-law Ptolemy Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans in 282 BCE, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE, interpolated biblical themes, Roman emperors through Hadrian Historiated initial "P," 6 lines Historiated initial "Q" with Captured Roman consul Hostilius Mancinus stripped by Numantians Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans in 282 BCE, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE, interpolated biblical themes, Roman emperors through Hadrian Historiated initial "Q," 6 lines Historiated initial "Q" with Destruction of Numantia by fire, decisive Roman victory ending resistance in Spain Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE Historiated initial "Q," 6 lines Historiated initial "O" with Aristonicus Pergamum kneels before Roman captors after defeat by Marcus Perperna Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans in 282 BCE, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE, interpolated biblical themes, Roman emperors through Hadrian Historiated initial "O," 6 lines Historiated initial "T" with King Jugurtha of Numidia watches soldier carrying out orders to kill his stepbrother Adherbal and companion Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans in 282 BCE, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE, interpolated biblical themes, Roman emperors through Hadrian Historiated initial "T," 6 lines Historiated initial "A" with King Jugurtha and father-in-law Boochus, king of Mauretania, defeated by Roman forces under Gaius Marius at Cirta in Algeria Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans in 282 BCE, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE, interpolated biblical themes, Roman emperors through Hadrian Historiated initial "A," 6 lines Arrest of King Jugurtha by Gaius Marius, or king Bocchus persuaded to surrender king Jugurtha after giving him refuge Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans in 282 BCE, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE, interpolated biblical themes, Roman emperors through Hadrian One-column miniature, 12 lines Victory of Gaius Marius at Aix Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans in 282 BCE, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE, interpolated biblical themes, Roman emperors through Hadrian One-column miniature, 11 lines Sulla receives two messengers of King Mithradites VI of Pontus Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans in 282 BCE, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE, interpolated biblical themes, Roman emperors through Hadrian One-column miniature, 12 lines Historiated initial "Q" with First great Roman civil warL clash of forces of Gaius Marius and Sulla Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans in 282 BCE, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE, interpolated biblical themes, Roman emperors through Hadrian Historiated initial "Q," 6 lines Historiated initial "E" with Pompey empowered to destroy pirates by Lex Gabinia Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans in 282 BCE, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE, interpolated biblical themes, Roman emperors through Hadrian Historiated initial "E," 6 lines Historiated initial "L" with Catiline conspiracy foiled by Marcus Tullius Cicero Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans in 282 BCE, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE, interpolated biblical themes, Roman emperors through Hadrian Historiated initial "L," 6 lines Historiated initial "A" with Siege of Jerusalem by Aretas III of Arabia Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans in 282 BCE, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE, interpolated biblical themes, Roman emperors through Hadrian Historiated initial "A," 6 lines Julius Caesar receives command from Roman senate to conquer Gaul Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans in 282 BCE, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE, interpolated biblical themes, Roman emperors through Hadrian One-column miniature, 11 lines Julius Caesar's victory over the Helvetii Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE One-column miniature, 12 lines Historiated initial "P" with Caesar's victory over the Belgae Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans in 282 BCE, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE, interpolated biblical themes, Roman emperors through Hadrian Historiated initial "P," 6 lines Historiated initial "D" with Julius Caesar presented with keys to city after conquest of Beauvais and other cities Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans in 282 BCE, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE, interpolated biblical themes, Roman emperors through Hadrian Historiated initial "D," 6 lines Victories of Julius Caesar in Gaul Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans in 282 BCE, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE, interpolated biblical themes, Roman emperors through Hadrian One-column miniature, 12 lines Invasion of Britain by Julius Caesar repulsed by Cunobelinus Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans in 282 BCE, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE, interpolated biblical themes, Roman emperors through Hadrian One-column miniature, 13 lines Julius Caesar and legions en route to Rome, arrive at banks of the Rubicon, sight of wild-haired giant bagpiper standing in river and blowing horn interpreted as vision of peace of Rome Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans in 282 BCE, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE, interpolated biblical themes, Roman emperors through Hadrian One-column miniature, 13 lines Battle between Julius Caesar and Pompey in Macedonia Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans in 282 BCE, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE, interpolated biblical themes, Roman emperors through Hadrian One-column miniature, 12 lines Historiated initial "Q" with Flight of Pompey and followers to Egypt on two ships Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans in 282 BCE, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE, interpolated biblical themes, Roman emperors through Hadrian Historiated initial "Q," 7 lines Historiated initial "O" with Julius Caesar victorious in Africa Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans in 282 BCE, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE, interpolated biblical themes, Roman emperors through Hadrian Historiated initial "O," 7 lines Assassination of Julius Caesar Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans in 282 BCE, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE, interpolated biblical themes, Roman emperors through Hadrian One-column miniature, 12 lines Historiated initial "A" with Aristobulus and Alexander, banished sons of Herod, appear in Rome before Caesar Augustus at time of annunciation of birth of John Baptist and of Christ Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans in 282 BCE, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE, interpolated biblical themes, Roman emperors through Hadrian Historiated initial "A," 7 lines Historiated initial "S" with St. John Baptist preaching Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans in 282 BCE, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE, interpolated biblical themes, Roman emperors through Hadrian Historiated initial "S," 7 lines Capture of Jerusalem by Vespasian and son Titus Trésor de sapience: History of Rome, recounting war between Tarentines and Romans in 282 BCE, exploits of Julius Caesar from 58 BCE through assassination in 44 BCE, interpolated biblical themes, Roman emperors through Hadrian One-column miniature, 12 lines

Rebound in France ca. 1770 in brownish red leather with lap-mitered corners; resewn on six double cords at original stations of eight pairs of deep cuts; gilt-tooled designs on covers and spine; gilt title on spine reads "HIST. UNIVERSELLE DES ANCIENS ROYAUMES Mss. sur velin avec miniatures"; white and pink end bands worked with edge-bead around rolled paper core; gilt edges

 Ca. 1470-1480 CE Bruges (?) Bruges(?), completed ca. 1470-80; illuminated under the influence of Loyset Liédet, Willem Vrelant, and Ghent artisans Adolph of Burgundy, seigneur of Bevres, Vere, and Flissinghe (1489-1540), member (as of 1516) of the Order of the Golden Fleece. as were his father Philip of Burgundy (d. 1498) and grandfather Anthony of Burgundy (1421-1504, "Grand Bâtard de Bourgogne," illegitimate son of Philip the Good); his armorial shield repainted on fol. 1r (center base), surrounding area abraded Illustrations include twenty-six other heraldic or decorative banners; recognizable of the heraldic banners are Brabant (fols. 43r, 56r, 177r), Flanders (fol. 130v), Byzantium (fol. 153r), Britain (fol. 282v) Rebound ca. 1770, perhaps for Duke Louis-César de La Vallière, his ownership alleged on end flyleaf i,v Family of Rev. Fletcher Fleming of Rayrigg, Windermere, Westmoreland, approximately twenty-five miles northwest of Lancaster, in possession by 1866; ancestral bookplate with interlaced initials "RF" centered on fol. i,v; later penciled arabic numerals before roman numerals in table of contents beginning on fol. 349v likely entered by "Rev Fletcher Fleming," his signature below bookplate, inscription above: "History of the World from the Creation of it to the Emperor Adrian / From the Celebrateed Library of Duke De La Valiere" Maggs. Bros., Cat. 330, lot 229; London, 1914 Leo S. Olschki, Florence, 1916; sold to Henry Walters in New York City, Nov. 6, 1916 (James C. Anderson inventory, WAG Registrar's Department) Walters Art Museum, 1931, by Henry Walters' bequest Relevant Works Withee, Diana. "More than a Miniature: Art in the Book". The Walters 42, no.7 (September 1989):4-5, p. 4, fol. 167v. Thomson, James C. Music through the Renaissance. Dubuque, Iowa: William C. Brown, 1984, p. 92, fig. 3.13 (fol. 167v) Randall, Lilian M. C. Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts in the Walters Art Gallery. Vol. 3. Belgium, 1250-1530. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press in association with the Walters Art Gallery, 1989; pp. 358-371, cat. no. 273; figs. 512-514, pl. XXXVII. Jonathan J. G. Alexander. "Dancing in the Streets." Journal of the Walters Art Gallery 54 (1996):147-162, pp. 147-62, fig. 19, fol. 26r. Caswell, Jean M. “Two Manuscripts from the Chroniques II Workshop: Chroniques de Hainaut, volume II, and Morgan-Macon Golden Legend.” Revue belge d'archéologie et d'histoire de l'art 62 (1993): 17-46; p. 25. Watson, C. K. "Histoire universelle des Anciens Royaumes, XVth Century Manuscript" (talk delivered Feb. 8, 1866), Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries 3 (1864-67): 248-252. Olschki, Leo S. "Manuscrits très précieux: Histoire universelle des Anciennes Royaumes." La Bibliofilia 17 (Feb.-Mar. 1916): 453-462 De Ricci, Seymour, and W. J. Wilson. Census of Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts in the United States and Canada. Vol. 1. New York: H. W. Wilson Company, 1935; p. 849, cat. no. 520. Clouzot, Martine. Images de musiciens (1350-1500): Typologies, figurations et practiques sociales. Turnhout: Brepols, 2007; p. 177. Bousmanne, Bernard and Thierry Delcourt (eds.). Miniatures flamandes 1404-1482. Belgium: Bibliothèque royale de Belgique, 2011, p. 256. Bousmanne, Bernard. Item à Guillaume Wyelant aussi enlumineur: Willem Vrelant, un aspect de l'enluminure dans les Pays-Bas méridionaux sous le mécénat des ducs de Bourgogne Philippe le Bon et Charles le Téméraire. Bibliothèque Royale de Belgique. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 1997; p. 58, 378. McKendrick, Scot. “Reviving the Past: Illustrated Manuscripts of Secular Vernacular Texts, 1467-1500.” In Illuminating the Renaissance: The Triumph of Flemish Manuscript Painting in Europe. Edited by Thomas Kren and Scot McKendrick, 59-78. Los Angeles: The J. Paul Getty Museum, 2003; p. 76. Art Medicine Museum Poetry Script Muhammad, the Prophet Kashmiri Horses Walters Art Museum Document Astrology Devotion History Legal Literature -- Poetry Literature -- Prose Liturgy Philosophy Science Science -- Medicine Scripture Sufism Theology Mineralogy Logic Geography Geomancy Cosmology Cartography Fortune-telling Koran Qur`an Firman Palimpsest Prayer Bible Gospels Psalter Missal Lectionary Book of Hours Antiphonary Homilary Processional Horologion Breviary Hymnal Chronicle Maghreb Sub-Saharan (West) Africa Turkey Afghanistan Central Asia Egypt England India Iran Iraq Pakistan Germany France Austria Netherlands Ethiopia Armenia Flanders Greece Mamluk Mughal Ottoman Ottonian Armenian Byzantine Abbasid Qajar Rajput Christian Arabic Austrian Dutch Egyptian Fatimid German Indian Islamic Persian Safavid Timurid Turkish Umayyad English French Flemish Ethiopian Carolingian Calligraphy Colophon Headpiece Illumination Illustration Medallion Miniature Ornament Painting Early Abbasid script Ragini Romanesque Gothic Watermark Grotesques Historiated initial Inhabited initial White-vine lettering Textura Batarda Humanistic Uncial Accordion book Album Book Codex Manuscript Heraldry Saint's Life Drawing Grisaille New Abbasid style Musical notation Russia Romania Charter Russian Genealogy Mass book Prayer book Gospel Lectionary Psalter-Hours Treatise Grammar Gloss Pontifical Private devotional text Gradual Protective scroll Scroll 10th century 11th century 12th century 13th century 14th century 15th century 16th century 17th century 18th century 19th century 20th century 8th century 9th century Block book Caroline minuscule Central Arab lands (Near East) Chart English secretary hand Kufic Gothic book hand Original binding Treasure binding Gospel Book Spanish Spain Italian Italy Coptic Scrapbook American United States Maryland Historical Society Friendship book Friendship Biography Judaism Talmud Collection of Sermons Notable Notable binding Textbook Scholarly compendium Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Literature Japanese Japan Nordic Scandinavia Catalog Dictionary Spanish Colonial Mexico Mayan Haggadah Switzerland Confessional Mirror Liturgical Devotional Scriptural Theological Legal Historical Scientific Scientific -- Medical Literary -- Prose Literary -- Poetry Philosophical Astrological Sufi English Chronicle Flemish Book Codex Historiated initial Illumination Illustration Manuscript Miniature Ornament Walters Art Museum Flanders 15th century History Heraldry Painting