Walters Ms. W.34, Carrow Psalter Suffrages Prefatory cycle, part I Prefatory cycle, part II Calendar Psalter Canticles Litany, petitions, and collects Office of the Dead Hours of the Virgin Psalter of the Virgin Psalter-Hours Principal cataloger Herbert, Lynley Principal cataloger Noel, William Principal cataloger Smith, Kathryn Editor Herbert, Lynley Editor Noel, William Copy editor Dibble, Charles Contributor Bockrath, Diane Contributor Dutschke, Consuelo Contributor Emery, Doug Contributor Grollemond, Larisa Contributor Noel, William Contributor Tabritha, Ariel Contributor Toth, Michael B. Conservator Owen, Linda Conservator Quandt, Abigail The Walters Art Museum

Licensed for use under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Access Rights, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/legalcode. It is requested that copies of any published articles based on the information in this data set be sent to the curator of manuscripts, The Walters Art Museum, 600 North Charles Street, Baltimore MD 21201.

 This English manuscript was made in East Anglia in the mid-thirteenth century for a patron with special veneration for St. Olaf, whose life and martyrdom are prominently portrayed in the Beatus initial of Psalm 1. Known as the "Carrow Psalter" due to its later use by the nunnery of Carrow near Norwich, it is more accurately described as a psalter-hours, as it contains, among other texts, the Office of the Dead and the Hours of the Virgin. The manuscript is striking for its rich variety of illuminations, including full-page cycles of saints, martyrs, and biblical scenes, as well as historiated initials within the Psalter, and heraldry added in the fifteenth century to undecorated initials in the Hours of the Virgin. Especially notable is the miniature portraying the martyrdom of St. Thomas Becket, for after Henry VIII found him guilty of treason in 1538, his image was concealed by gluing a page over it rather than destroying it, and it has since been rediscovered. Baltimore The Walters Art Museum W.34 The primary language in this manuscript is Latin. 1r - 321v Psalter-Hours 1v - 20r Suffrages Petrus apostolus et paulus doctor Suffrages for saints: fol. 2r: Peter and Paul; fol. 4r: Barnabus and John the Evangelist; fol. 6r: Thomas and Jacobus; fol. 8r: Bartholomew and Matthew; fol. 10r: Symon and Jude; fol. 12r: Andrew and John (Baptist in text, but Evangelist pictured); fol. 14r: King Edmund; suffrage for Thomas Becket removed between fols. 15v and 16r (image remains); fol. 16r: Mary Magdalene (image missing but suffrage extant); fol. 18r: Catherine and Margaret; fol. 20r: Cecilia (suffrage is for her, but image is of Agatha) 21v - 30v Prefatory cycle, part I 31v - 35r Prefatory cycle, part II 36r - 41v Calendar Calendar half-full; graded in gold, blue, red, and black; East Anglian saints include Botulph of Bury, Felix of Durwich, Withburga, Edmund, Sexburga; St. Olaf, who is depicted in Beatus initial, is strangely not in the calender; Thomas Becket's name erased in calendar in sixteenth century after Henry VIII's decree of November 16, 1538 42r - 249v Psalter Beatus vir Ten-part psalter division with minor division at Psalm 119 (Gradual Psalms) 249v - 270r Canticles Confitebor tibi domine... 270v - 274r Litany, petitions, and collects Kyrie eleyson Martyrs include Edmund and Alban; Confessors include Cuthbert, Dunstan, Guthlac, and Botulf 275r - 285r Office of the Dead Placebo domino in regione vivorum Special responses fol. 283v, followed by lauds 285r - 297v Hours of the Virgin Domine labia mea aperies Hours of the Virgin, use of Sarum 298r - 321r Psalter of the Virgin Suscipe regina celi que mente benigna Cantica de Psalmis offero sumpta sacris The Psalter of the Virgin is also found in the Peterborough Psalter (Brussels, Bibliothéque Royale Ms. 9961) and the Psalter of Robert de Lindesey in the Society of Antiquaries

Medium-weight cream-colored parchment; slightly heavier-weight parchment used for full-page miniatures

 Foliation: iii+321+iii24.7 17.6 17.4 12.0 Three sets of numbers: pencil foliation in bottom- and occasionally top-right corners rectos that begin numbering on the folio containing Psalm 1 (a few of the upper ones are in pen); pencil foliation in upper right corners rectos through the complete manuscript, not including flyleaves (used here)

iii, 1(8), 2(8,-8), 3(4,-4), 4(2), 5(4,-4), 6(8,-1), 7(6-6), 8(6), 9-16(12), 17(12,-5), 18(6), 19(12), 20(12,-1), 21(12), 22(6), 23(4), 25-29(12), 30(6), 31(4,-4), 32(6), 33(12), 34(6), 35(6-1), 36(12), 37(12), iii Some visible in center of rectos Lower right corners, versos (occasionally omitted) Quires begin on fols 1(1), 9(2), 16(3), 19(4), 21(5), 24(6), 31(7), 36(8), 42(9), 54(10), 66(11), 78(12), 90(13), 102(14), 114(15), 126(16), 138(17), 149(18), 155(19), 167(20), 178(21), 190(22), 196(24), 200(25), 212(26), 224(27), 236(28), 248(29), 260(30), 266(31), 269(32), 275(33), 287(34), 293(35), 298(36), 310(37)

 Layout does not apply to calendar (written surface 12 x 19 cm, 32-33 ruled lines) Littera prescissa, with smaller size used as cues for psalms cited in liturgical texts, antiphons, versicles Full-page illuminations of saints precede each suffrage (Mary Magdalene is missing, glued to suffrage for Thomas Becket and lost when it was removed) Prefatory cycle contains two groups of images; this first group, mainly scenes in two registers, begins with Old Testament images and proceeds through Christ's life, death, and resurrection, and appears to be original to the manuscript Prefatory cycle contains two groups of images; this second group appears fragmentary and repeats images from life of Christ found in first cycle, but in full-page format; similar in style but probably added judging from difference in ruling pattern, format, and repetition Historiated initials: fol. 42r (Ps. 1), fol. 74v (Ps. 26), fol. 95v (Ps. 38), fol. 113r (Ps. 51), fol. 114r (Ps. 52), fol. 131r (Ps. 68), fol. 155r (Ps. 80), fol. 178r (Ps. 97), fol. 180v (Ps. 101), fol. 200r (Ps. 109); arms of Earl of Gloucester added in initial on fol. 222v Large initials at beginning of hours have been modified to depict the heraldic arms of the following: fol. 285r: Fitzalan of Bedale Yorkshire; fol. 286v: Earl of Winchester; fol. 288v: St. George; fol. 292v: Mortimer of Wigmore; fol. 294r: Mowbray of Axholme; fol. 294v: Earl of Warwick; fol. 295r: Percy of Northumberland; 295v: Earl of Oxford; fol. 296v: Baron of Stafford Historiated initial fol. 298r with man in prayer before Virgin and Child; may represent original patron of manuscript Manuscript opens with cycle of ten full-page saints' portraits/martyrdom images interspersed with their suffrages, followed by prefatory cycle of eleven mixed full-page and two-register illuminations depicting Adam and Eve and Christ's life, death, and resurrection; second group of five full-page Christological illuminations follow that repeat scenes already depicted, and may have been added; images typically glued back-to-back with blank side of previous folio, and have highly burnished gold grounds, rectangular frames; Psalter contains eleven historiated initials at openings of select psalms and one within hours (six to seven lines high); eleven heraldic arms added in fifteenth century within unadorned initials, beginning with Psalm 119 and found throughout the hours; smaller initials in gold or blue with intricate blue and red pen flourishes begin each line of text (one to four lines high); rubrics in red; text in black ink SS. Peter and Paul Suffrage for SS. Peter and Paul Full-page miniature SS. Barnabus and John the Evangelist Suffrages for SS. Barnabus, John, and Paul Full-page miniature SS. Thomas and James Suffrages for SS. Thomas and James Full-page miniature

James the Apostle is dressed as a pilgrim to Compostela.

 SS. Bartholomew and Matthew, Apostles Suffrages for SS. Bartholomew and Matthew Full-page miniature SS. Symon and Jude Suffrages for SS. Symon and Jude Full-page miniature SS. Andrew and John (the Evangelist?) Suffrages for SS. Andrew and John the Baptist Full-page miniature

Although the suffrage is for John the Baptist, the John who is pictured holds a book, an attribute more appropriate for John the Evangelist.

 Martyrdom of King Edmund Suffrage for St. Edmund Full-page miniature Martyrdom of Thomas Becket Suffrage for St. Thomas Becket (now missing) Full-page miniature SS. Catherine and Margaret Suffrage for SS. Catherine and Margaret Full-page miniature Martyrdom of St. Agatha (meant to be Cecilia) Suffrage for St. Cecilia Full-page miniature

The image is labeled "Cecilia," and the suffrage is to her, but the image represents the martyrdom of St. Agatha.

 Above: Creation of Eve; Below: God's admonition to Adam and Eve Full-page miniature Above: Temptation of Eve; Below: Expulsion from Paradise Full-page miniature Angel hands spade to Adam and spindle to Eve Full-page miniature Above: Annunciation/Visitation Below: Nativity/Annunciation to the shepherds Full-page miniature Above: Magi guided by star/Magi before Herod Below: Magi warned in dream/Adoration of the Magi Full-page miniature Above: Flight into Egypt/Massacre of the Innocents Below: Presentation/Baptism Full-page miniature Above: Devil takes Christ to top of Mountain/Devil with stones Below: Entry into Jerusalem/Footwashing Full-page miniature Above: Betrayal/Flagellation Below: Carrying the Cross/Crucifixion Full-page miniature Above: Deposition/Three Marys at the tomb Below: Limbo/Resurrection Full-page miniature Above: Magdalene (Noli me tangere)/Doubting Thomas/Ascension; Below: Pentecost/Throne of Grace Full-page miniature

The dove has not been included in the Throne of Grace.

 Above: Last Judgment with Christ in Majesty Below: Resurrection of the dead, and Devil herding damned into Hell Full-page miniature Annunciation Full-page miniature Nativity Full-page miniature Adoration of the Magi Full-page miniature Presentation in the Temple Full-page miniature Carrying of the cross Full-page miniature Story of St. Olaf Psalm 1 Historiated initial "B," 10 lines King David kneeling and pointing to his eye Psalm 26 Historiated initial "D," 6 lines King David kneeling and covering his mouth before a lectern Psalm 38 Historiated initial "D," 6 lines Fool with bladder on stick eating cusped loaf Psalm 51 Historiated initial "Q," 7 lines King stabbing self with sword Psalm 52 Historiated initial "D," 7 lines Sailors throw Jonah overboard/Jonah in mouth of whale Psalm 68 Historiated initial "S," 7 lines Jacob wrestling the angel Psalm 80 Historiated initial "E," 5 lines Mass: Priest elevating host at altar Psalm 97 Historiated initial "C," 7 lines David kneeling in prayer at altar below hand of God Psalm 101 Historiated initial "D," 6 lines Throne of Grace Psalm 109 Historiated initial "D," 6 lines Arms of Gloucester Psalm 119 Altered initial "A," 6 lines, with arms added in fifteenth century Arms of Lord Fitzallan of Bedal York Hours of the Virgin: Matins Altered initial "D," 5 lines, with arms added in fifteenth century Arms of the Earl of Winchester Hours of the Virgin: Matins Altered initial "Q," 3 lines, with arms added in fifteenth century Arms of St. George Hours of the Virgin: Lauds Altered initial "D," 2 lines, with arms added in fifteenth century Arms of Lord Mortimore of Wigmore Hours of the Virgin: Prime Altered initial "D," 4 lines, with arms added in fifteenth century Arms of Lord Mowbray of Axholme Hours of the Virgin: Terce Altered initial "D," 3 lines, with arms added in fifteenth century Arms of the Earl of Warwick Hours of the Virgin: Sext Altered initial "D," 4 lines, with arms added in fifteenth century Arms of Lord Percy of Northumberland Hours of the Virgin: None Altered initial "D," 3 lines, with arms added in fifteenth century Arms of the Earl of Oxford Hours of the Virgin: Vespers Altered initial "D," 4 lines, with arms added in fifteenth century Arms of Baron of Stafford Hours of the Virgin: Compline Altered initial "C," 3 lines, with arms added in fifteenth century Arms of the Earl of Hereford and Essex Collect Altered initial "C," 3 lines, with arms added in fifteenth century Man in prayer before enthroned Virgin and Child Ave porta paradisis Historiated initial "S," 3 lines

Henry Yates Thompson had the manuscript rebound in the early twentieth century; limp vellum binding, hair side out with stiff square yapp and green ribbons at fore edge; spine inscribed in gold tooled letters "Psalter of the Monastery of Carehow near Norwich circa A.D. 1245."

 Mid-13th century CE East Anglia, England Made in East Anglia, England, mid-thirteenth century, for patron with special devotion for St. Olaf (whose miracles and martyrdom are depicted in Beatus initial); saints in calendar help localize to East Anglia Carrow Priory, Norwich, fifteenth century, recorded in a fourteenth- or fifteenth-century inscription on fol. 1r: "Istud psalterium pertinet domui de Carehowe." Added heraldry may have been the arms of the abbey's benefactors. John Baptist, 3rd Lord Caryll (1716-1780) (his bookplate recorded in 1902, but is no longer extant); had it rebound in eighteenth-century French binding George Galway Mills, England, before 1800; collection sold in Mills Sale, London, February 24, 1800 Reverend David T. Powell (1772-1848), England, first half of nineteenth century (penciled ownership note fol. 1r: "nunc ad D.T. Powell); sold in Powell Sale, London, July 31, 1848 4th Earl of Ashburnham (1797-1878), England, third quarter nineteenth century (Appendix no. XXXIII, his bookplate) Henry Yates Thompson (1838-1928), purchased May 1897 (his bookplate), no. 52; Thompson had book rebound in Paris Bernard Quaritch, from Yates Thompson sale, Sotheby, Wilkinson and Hodge, March 23, 1920, no. 34, for 4,100 pounds stirling. Henry Walters, Baltimore, by purchase from Bernard Quaritch Ltd, 1920 Walters Art Museum, 1931, by Henry Walters bequest Relevant Works Yates Thompson, H. A Lecture on Some Illuminated Manuscripts, London: Chiswick Press, 1902, pp. 13-15. Yates, Thompson, H. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Second Series of Fifty Manuscripts in the Collection of Henry Yates Thompson, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1902, pp. 2-11, no. 52. Herbert, J.A. Illuminated Manuscripts, London: British Museum, 1911, p. 181. Yates Thompson, H. Illustrations from 100 Manuscripts in the Collection of Henry Yates Thompson. London: Chiswick Press, 1914, vol. 4, pp. 11-13. Fett, H. "Gamel norsk malerkunst." Kunst og Kultur 5 (1914/1915): pp. 136, 139. Lindblom, A. La peinture gothique en Suède et Norvège: Étude sur les relations entre l'Europe occidentale et les pays scandinaves. Stockholm: Wahlström & Widstrand, 1916. Fett, H. "Norges Malerkunst i Middelalderen." Kristiana 5 (1917): pp. 149-150. De Ricci, S. "Les manuscrits de la Collection Yates Thompson." Bulletin de la Société française de reproductions de manuscrits à peintures 10 (1926), p. 56. Fawtier, R. La Bible historiée toute figurée de la John Rylands Library. Paris, 1924, p.36. Borenius, T. "The Iconography of St. Thomas of Canterbury." Archaeologia 79 (1929): pp. 50-51. Millar, E.G. English Illuminated Manuscripts from the Xth to the XIIIth century, Paris: G. van Oest, 1926. Borenius, T. St. Thomas Becket in Art. London: Methuen & Co., 1932, pp. 92-93. Dickens, B. "The Cult of St. Olave in the British Isles." Saga Book of the Viking Society 12 (1937-1945): pp. 62-63. De Ricci, S. Census of Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts in the United States and Canada. New York: H. W. Wilson Company, 1935, vol. 1, p. 771, no. 90. Haseloff, G. Die Psalterillustration im 13. Jahrhundert. Studien zur Buchmalerei in England, Frankreich und den Niederländen. Kiel, 1938, pp. 61 ff Boase, T.S.R. English Art, 1100-1216. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1953, p. 204. Van Gelder, J.G. "Een 13de eeuws Psalterium met een Utrechtse Kalender." Nederlands Kunsthistorisch Jaarboek 6 (1955): p. 66. Ker, N.R. Medieval Libraries of Great Britain, London: Offices of the Royal Historical Society, 1964, p. 48. Jónsdóttir, S. "Enskt saltarabrot á Íslandi." Andvara, 1967: p. 167. Jónsdóttir, S. "Heilagur Nikulás í Arnasfni." In Afmelisrita Jóns Helgasonar. Reykjavík: Almenna bókafélagið, 1969, pp. 262-265, 268-269. Jónsdóttir, S. Illumination in a Manuscript of Stjorn. Reykjavík: Almenna bókafélagið, 1971, p. 31. Meoli Toulmin. Örigini e data di un codice inglese della Marciana." Saggi e Memorie di Storia dell'Árte 8 (1972): pp. 52, 63. Randall, L.M.C. "Flemish Psalters in the Apostolic Tradition." In Gatherings in Honor of Dorothy Miner. Baltimore: Walters Art Gallery, 1974, p. 180 n. 21. Jónsdóttir, S. "History of the English Psalter at Skálholt." Gripla 4 (1980): pp. 325-326. Büttner, F.O., Imitatio Pietatis: Motive der christlichen Ikonographie als Modelle zur Verähnlichung. Berlin: G. Mann, 1983, pp. 191, 205. Randall, L.M.C. Illuminated Manuscripts: Masterpieces in Miniature: Highlights from the Collection of the Walters Art Gallery. Baltimore: Walters Art Gallery, 1984, pl. 13. Roberts, M.E. "The Relic of the Holy Blood in the Iconography of the Thirteenth Century North Transept Portal of Westminster Abbey." In W.M. Ormrod, ed., England in the Thirteenth Century: Proceedings of the 1984 Harlaxton Symposium. Harlaxton: Boydell Press, 1985, p. 135. Morgan, N. J. Early Gothic Manuscripts, 2: 1250-1285. A Survey of Manuscripts Illuminated in the British Isles 4. London: Harvey Miller, 1988, no. 118. Noel, William, and Daniel Weiss. The Book of Kings: Art, War, and the Morgan Library's Medieval Picture Bible. London: Third Millennium Publishing; Baltimore: Walters Art Museum, 2002, p. 157, no. 6 (fols. 24v-25r). Linenthal, R.A. "'The Collectors Are Far More Particular than You Think': Selling Manuscripts in America." Manuscripta 51, no. 1 (2007): pp. 131-142, p. 137 Sandler, L.F. "A Scientific Textbook for a Noble Student: Sacrobosco's Treatises in the New York Public Library." In J. H. Marrow, R. Linenthal, and W. Noel, eds., The Medieval Book: Glosses from Friends and Colleagues of Christopher de Hamel, 't Goy-Houten: Hes & DeGraaf, 2010, p. 55, n.2. Bagnoli, M. The Medieval World, Baltimore: Walters Art Museum, 2011, pp. 96 (fol. 15v), 104 (fol. 15v), 191-192. 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