Walters Ms. W.45, Fieschi Psalter Calendar Biblical Psalter Canticles Litany, petitions, and prayers Office of the Dead Prayer to St. Augustine Added prayer to the Virgin Psalter-hours Principal cataloger Randall, Lilian M.C. Cataloger Herbert, Lynley Editor Herbert, Lynley Copy editor Dibble, Charles Contributor Emery, Doug Contributor Izer, Emily Contributor Noel, William Contributor Schuele, Allyson Contributor Tabritha, Ariel Contributor Toth, Michael B. Contributor Wiegand, Kimber Conservator Owen, Linda Conservator Quandt, Abigail The Walters Art Museum

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 This Psalter, with an additional Office of the Dead, was created in the late thirteenth century in northeastern France. A large quantity of Franciscan saints in the calendar and litany, as well as marginal imagery of them, suggests that the original owner had a strong affinity for that order. The manuscript was likely begun for one patron but finished for another, given a change in scribal and artistic hands and the addition of heraldry from Psalm 109 onward. Arms for the Fieschi family, as well as a birth notice in the calendar, identify the manuscript's first owner as Leonardo dei Fieschi, a Genoese nobleman (d. 1331). Among a multitude of drolleries, the manuscript contains a number of unusual marginal vignettes depicting SS. Francis, Clare, and Elisabeth of Hungary. One image of St. Francis (fol. 139v) is heavily worn, which may be evidence of devotional touching by the manuscript's owner. Baltimore The Walters Art Museum W.45 The primary language in this manuscript is Latin. 1r - 293v Psalter-hours Psalter with Office of the Dead 3v - 15r Calendar Januarius habet dies. xxxi. luna. xxx. Calendar for Franciscan Use, half to two thirds full; graded in red and black; Egyptian verses begin each month, and those days marked in calendar; birth notice of first owner added on January 30, fol. 4r: "Anno nativitatis Domini Leonardi de flisco [dei Flieschi] filii domini Alberti Comitis lavanie Anno domini m ccxlvi (?)"; notable saints include Dominic (Aug. 5), Clare (Aug. 19), Bernard (Aug. 20) 16r - 243r Biblical Psalter Beatus vir Biblical psalter, nine part-division at Psalms 1, 26, 38, 51, 52, 68, 80, 97, and 109; folio missing from the beginning of Psalm 97 between fols. 163 and 164 243r - 267r Canticles Confitebor tibi 267r - 275r Litany, petitions, and prayers Kyrieleyson Fols. 267r-269v: Litany, Franciscan use; martyrs, including Stephen, Lawrence, Vincent, Fabian, Sebastian, John, Paul, Cosmas and Damian, Gervasius and Protasius, and Eustace; popes, confessors and doctors, which include Silvester, Gregory, Martin, Augustine, Ambrose, Jerome, and Nicholas; monks and hermits include Benedict, Francis, Antony, and Dominic; virgins and widows, which include Mary Magdalene, Agnes, Lucy, Cecilia, Agatha, Clare, and Catherine; fols. 269v-271v: petitions; fols. 271v-272v: Pater noster; fols. 272v-275r: ten prayers 277r - 286r Office of the Dead Ad vespere absolute incipit antiphone. Placebo domino in regione vivorum Use of Rome 286v - 290v Prayer to St. Augustine Oratio beati augustini. Domine deus omnipotens qui trinus es et unus 291r - 291r Added prayer to the Virgin Sancta et immaculata virgo dei genitrix Added in fifteenth century by later owner

Medium-weight parchment, cream-colored with some spotting from moisture on front leaves

 Foliation: 29318.0 12.9 10.2 7.2 There are 293 numbered folios; however the first two and last two folios are blank, and while they have been foliated, they are not part of the quire structure of the manuscript and are therefore flyleaves; modern pencil foliation upper right corners, rectos

Quire 1: 8, with first folio cancelled (fols. 3-9); Quire 2: 6 (fols. 10-15); Quires 3-13: 10 (fols. 16-125); Quires 14-17: 8 (fols. 126-157); Quire 18: 8, lacking seventh folio (fols. 158-164); Quires 19-30: 8 (fols. 165-266); Quire 31: 10 (fols. 267-272); Quire 32: 8 (fols. 273-284); Quire 33: 8, with eighth folio cancelled (fols. 285-291) None Written in dark ink in lower right corners, versos

Layout different in calendar: 8.2 x 11 cm written surface; five columns; seventeen lines Textura, written in a fifteenth-century Italian hand Written in textura; scribal hand changes at fols. 16r, 191r, 267r, 277r, and 291r; three artists' hands evident in historiated initials and accompanying bar borders that open major psalms: fol. 16r: Hand A; fols. 49r-139v: Hand B; fol. 191r: Hand C KL (4 lines) with baguette borders extending from them begin each month; drolleries along borders Historiated initials at major psalm divisions: fols. 16r, 49r, 70v, 89v, 90v, 112r, 139v, and 191r; historiated initial missing from Psalm 97 between fols. 163 and 164 Drolleries throughout Drolleries throughout Drolleries throughout Eight historiated initials extant (8 lines), one missing before Psalm 97 between fols. 163 and 164; marginal drolleries throughout, although more substantial on pages with historiated initials; enlarged decorated initials throughout, including "KL" in calendar and secondary text divisions, in gold, red, rose, and blue with white detailing (2 to 3 lines); borders in same colors usually spring from initials and contain flora and/or fauna; incipits for Psalms 1 and 109 written in gold; psalm versals begun with alternating red and blue pen flourished initials (1 line); line fillers almost entirely missing; rubrics in red; text in black ink Initial "B" with David harping above, and decapitating Goliath below; King Saul with bagpipe and David aiming his slingshot at Goliath Psalm 1 Historiated initial "B," 8 lines Initial "D" with Christ anointing David; man plays viele, and dog and hybrid man carry reliquary in margin Psalm 26 Historiated initial "D," 8 lines Initial "D" with David pointing to mouth before God; dogs hunting, man riding stag in margin Psalm 38 Historiated initial "D," 8 lines Initial "Q" with Judas hanging; St. Clare holding a monstrance and flanked by two Franciscan nuns in margin Psalm 51 Historiated initial "Q," 8 lines Initial "D" with the enthroned David scolding a fool; SS. Elisabeth of Hungary and Clare in margin Psalm 52 Historiated initial "D," 8 lines Initial "S" with Christ blessing above, and David in a boat below; St. Clare holding monstrance in margin Psalm 68 Historiated initial "S," 7 lines Initial "E" with David ringing bells; St. Francis preaching to animals with friar Leo behind him, and St. Clare with monstrance, in margin Psalm 80 Historiated initial "E," 8 lines Initial "D" with the Trinity; SS. Francis, Elisabeth of Hungary, and Clare in the margin Psalm 109 Historiated initial "D," 8 lines

Rebound in Genoa, Italy, in sixteenth century by Viviano of Verase, of Thread Lane; dark brown leather over beech boards; stamped imagery on upper cover in two columns, reading from the top left down, then from the bottom right up: Annunciation, Nativity, Adoration of the Magi, Agony in the Garden, Flagellation, Carrying the Cross, Crucifixion, Resurrection; borders around images comprised mainly of saints and possibly one soldier bearing a sword, with the bust of Christ blessing with rays emanating from him in top border, the initials "IHS" flanked by dragons in the bottom border, and evangelist symbols in the four corners; lower cover has vase of lillies and vines with small figures of an angel kneeling in front of the Virgin (Annunciation), two praying angels below, and a falcon attacking a hare facing a club-wielding man riding a lion, possibly Samson; the inscription around the image reads, clockwise from top left: OPUS. VIVIANI DE. VARIXIO. CARTARII. IN. CARUBEO. FILLI. IAN.; remains of original brass clasps survive on lower board

 Last quarter 13th century CE Northeast France/Flanders? Created in northeastern France or Flanders, probably in Cambrai region, in the late thirteenth century; Franciscan interests of original owner evident in saints chosen for calendar and litany, and in marginal drolleries of Franciscan nuns; likely intended owner changed halfway through creation, as hand change evident for scribe and artist starting at fol. 191r, and decoration seems to have been carried out quickly, as line fillers mostly unfinished Leonardo dei Fieschi of Genoa, owned ca. 1290; his birth notice in calendar for Jan. 30, fol. 4r; his arms in borders of second half of manuscript, beginning with fol. 182v Unknown owner, second half of nineteenth century, added pencil notation on front pastedown "Add. Ms. 19" Léon or Paul Gruel, Paris, early twentieth century; Gruel note previously attached to front pastedown, now in file Henry Walters, Baltimore, purchased from Gruel before 1931 Walters Art Museum, 1931, by Henry Walters' bequest Relevant Works De Ricci, Seymour, and W. J. Wilson. Census of Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts in the United States and Canada. Vol. 1. New York: H. W. Wilson Company, 1935; cat. no. 91. Miner, D. Illuminated Books of the Middle Ages and Renaissance: An Exhibition Held at the Baltimore Museum of Art, exhibition catalogue. Baltimore, MD: Trustees of the Walters Art Gallery, 1949; cat. no. 57. Miner, D. The History of Bookbinding, 525-526, exhibition catalogue. Baltimore: Trustees of the Walters Art Gallery, 1957; p. 84, cat. no. 192. Diringer, David. The Illuminated Book: Its History and Production. London: Philosophical Library, 1958; p. 387. De Marinis, T. La legatura artistica in Italia nei secoli XV e XVI: Notizie ed elenchi. Vol 3. Florence, 1960; pp. 56, 58, no. 2847 bis. Randall, Lilian M.C. "The Fieschi Psalter." Journal of the Walters Art Gallery 23 (1960): 27-47, figs. 1-9, 11, 13. Randall, Lilian M.C. "The Snail in Gothic Marginal Warfare." Speculum 37, no. 3 (1962): 358-367; pp. 358, 359, 367 (n. 9), 367 (fig. 1). Randall, Lilian M.C. Images in the Margins of Gothic Manuscripts. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1966; p. 37 and pasim, figs. 61, 143, 177, 242, 248, 309, 386, 572, 611, 643. Randall, Lilian M.C. "Psalms to Be Seen." Arts in Virginia 7, no. 1 (1966): 21-29; pp. 21-29, figs. 3, 5, II. Verdier, P. "Woman in the Marginalia of Gothic Manuscripts and Related Works." In The Role of Women in the Middle Ages, edited by R. T. Morewedge. Albany, NY, 1975; pp. 139, 157 (n. 109), fig. 23. Gómez, Isabel Matteo. Temas profanos en la escultura gótica española: Las sillerías de coro. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto Diego Velázquez, 1979; pp. 54-57 Pl. V, fig. 27. Sed-Rajna, G. A Màjmúni Kódex..." A Budapesti 'Misné Tóra' legszebb lapjai. Budapest, 1980; pp. 26, 32 (n. 24), fig. 12. Calkins, R. "Drollery," Dictionary of the Middle Ages. New York, 1982; pp. 293b, illustration, 294a. Das Graduale von Sankt Katharinenthal: Kommentar, edited by Schweizerisches Landesmuseum. Luzern, 1983; p. 194, figs. 42-43. Fitzgerald, W. "Ocelli Nominum: Names and Shelf Marks of Famous/Familiar Manuscripts (I)." Medieval Studies 45 (1983): 214-297; p. 274. Randall, Lilian M.C. Illuminated Manuscripts: Masterpieces in Miniature, Highlights from the Collection of the Walters Art Gallery. Baltimore: Trustees of the Walters Art Gallery, 1984; Pl. 16. Randall, Lilian M. C. Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts in the Walters Art Gallery. Vol. 1. France, 875-1420. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press in association with the Walters Art Gallery, 1989; pp. 107-111, cat. no. 45. Lewis, Suzanne. Beyond the Frame: Marginal Figures and Historiated Initials in the Getty Apocalypse. The J. Paul Getty Museum Journal 20 (1992): 53-76; p. 75-76 (n. 16 for p. 63). Friedman, John B. The Monstrous Races in Medieval Art and Thought. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2000; pp. 137-138 (fig. 39). Düriegl, Ursula. Die Fabelwesen von St. Jakob in Kastelaz bei Tramin.: Romanische Bilderwelt antiken und vorantiken Ursprungs. Vienna: Böhlau Verlag, 2003; p. 77, fig. 40. Büttner, F.O. "Form and History: Der illuminierte Psalter im Westen." In The Illuminated Psalter. Edited by F.O. Büttner, 1-106. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2004; p. 65 (n. 104), 95 (n. 56). Mellinkoff, Ruth. Averting Demons: The Protective Power of Medieval Visual Motifs and Themes. 2 vols. Los Angeles: Ruth Mellinkoff Publications, 2004; vol. 1, p. 20, 128-129, vol. 2, p. 220-221 (figs. VI.II-VI.IIA). Gardill, Ingrid. Sancta Benedicta: Missionarin, Märtyrerin, Patronin ; der Prachtcodex aus dem Frauenkloster Sainte-Benoîte in Origny. Petersberg, Hesse: Michael Imhof Verlag Publications, 2005; p. 155. Hunt, Elizabeth Moore. Illuminating the Border of French and Flemish Manuscripts, 1270–1310. London: Routledge, 2006; 198. Bräm, Andreas. "'Fratrum minorum mater': Heiligenbilder als Angleichung und zum Patronat in Frankreich und Flandern und in der Anjou-Hofkunst Neapels." In Elisabeth von Thüringen: eine europäische Heilige, vol. 2. Edited by Uwe John and Dieter Blume, 309-324. Hesse: Michael Imhof Verlag, 2007; pp. 314 (Abb. 6), 323 (n. 36 for p. 313). Sattler, Veronika. "Nacktheit am Rande. Die Darstellung von Nacktheit in der gotischen Marginalillustration." In "Und sie erkannten, dass sie nackt waren.": Nacktheit im Mittelalter: Ergebnisse einer interdisziplinären Tagung des Zentrums für Mittelalterstudien der Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg, 3.& 4. November 2006. Edited by Stefan Biessenecker, 185-210. Bamberg: Bamberg University Press, 2008; pp. 188, 189. Wirth, Jean, and Isabelle Engammare. Les marges à drôleries des manuscrits gothiques, 1250-1350. Geneva: Librairie Droz, 2008; pp. 64, 229, 232, 257, 291-292, 331-333, 352. Bagliani, Agostino. Il papato nel secolo XIII: cent'anni di bibliografia. Florence: Sismel, 2010; p. 3332. Dillon, Emma. The Sense of Sound: Musical Meaning in France, 1260-1330. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012; pp. 182, 192, 236-237. 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